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Marsilius of Padua 1324
As the popes moved their court to Avignon and came to appreciate a life of luxury and gentle living, so increasingly voices of complaint were raised against the Church. Marsilius, a prominent critic, wrote that the pope's right to temporal authority and to authority over secular princes was erroneous. The excerpt below is an example of his thinking in this area from the Defensor Pacis. Not surprisingly his ideas were roundly condemned by the Church - but the genie had been let out of the bottle...... I will further demonstrate that Christ and His apostles desired to be subject and were subject continually to the coercive jurisdiction of the princes of the world in reality and in person, and that they taught and commanded all others to whom they gave the law of truth by word or letter, to do the same thing, under penalty of eternal condemnation. Then I give a section to considering the power or authority of the keys, given by Christ to the apostles and to their successors in offices, the bishops and presbyters, in order that we may see the real character of that power, both of the Roman bishop and of the others. . . . We wish, therefore, first to demonstrate that Christ wished to exclude and did exclude both Himself and His apostles from the office of ruler. This appears in John, Chapter18. For when Christ was accused before Pontius Pilate, vicar of the Roman emperor in Judea, for saying that he was king of the Jews, and Pilate asked Him if He had said that, or if He had called Himself a king, He replied to the question of Pilate: “My kingdom is not of this world” - that is, I am come not to reign by temporal rule and dominion, as the kings of the world reign. It remains to show that Christ not only refused the rule of this world and coercive jurisdiction on earth, whereby He gave an example for action to His apostles and disciples and their successors, but that He also taught by word and showed by example that all, whether priests or not, should be subject in reality and in person to the coercive judgment of the princes of this world. By His word and example Christ demonstrated this first in physical things, in the incident contained in Matthew Chapter 22, when to the Jews asking Him: "Tell us, therefore, what thinkest Thou; is it lawful to give tribute unto Caesar or not ?" looking at the penny and its superscription, he replied: “Render, therefore, unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things which are God's.” |